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A 65 year old man has recently been diagnosed with a brain tumor. He is referred to you for ophthalmic features that might be associated with that diagnosis. You find that as he follows your moving finger and penlight toward his right side, his eyes move in small steps. The eyes move smoothly in all other directions of gaze. The optokinetic drum elicits normal-amplitude nystagmus when the stripes are moved horizontally to the patient’s left, upward, and downward. But when the stripes are moved in the direction of the patient’s right side, no nystagmus occurs.

  • Review Topic

    Where is the brain tumor?

    Correct! In order to get the correct answer here, you must be aware that pursuit is mediated by a pathway that starts in the parietal lobe and generates pursuit eye movements ipsilaterally. When you move the optokinetic drum, you generate an obligatory pursuit movement in the direction of the moving stripes (the patient must be paying attention!). Each pursuit movement is met by an oppositely-directed reflex conjugate saccadic movement that restores the eye position to straight ahead. This obligatory reaction is called “optokinetic nystagmus” (OKN). If you see a discrepancy in nystagmus amplitude between rightwardly and leftwardly directed stripes, you must conclude that there is a unidirectional pursuit deficit caused by a lesion in the ipsilateral parietal lobe. By the way, the patient will not notice this pursuit deficit.

    This maneuver is also diagnostically useful in the following settings: 1) you suspect a subtle sixth nerve palsy in a patient with full ductions; the stripes will elicit reduced OKN in the affected abducting eye; 2) you suspect a subtle internuclear ophthalmoplegia; the stripes will elicit reduced OKN in the affected adducting eye; 3) you suspect a subtle dorsal midbrain syndrome; the downwardly moving stripes will elicit convergence-retraction of both eyes; 4) you suspect factitious blindness; the stripes will elicit normal OKN in all directions.