Open Access: Yes

Newman-Toker, D. E., & Edlow, J. A. (2015). TiTrATE: A Novel, Evidence-Based Approach to Diagnosing Acute Dizziness and Vertigo. Neurologic clinics, 33(3), 577–viii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2015.04.011

Link
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522574/pdf/nihms705071.pdf

Description
This article describes how to classify symptoms into vestibular syndromes, by focusing on timing and triggers

Keywords
history taking, vestibular symptoms, triggers, timing, titrate, vestibular syndromes, acute vestibular syndrome, episodic vestibular syndrome, chronic vestibular syndrome, differential diagnosis, differential diagnoses, dizziness, presyncope, syncope, vertigo, unsteadiness, targeted examination

Reviewer
Raymond van de Berg

Topics

• Being able to identify triggers, timing and type of vestibular symptoms
• Allocate vestibular symptoms into 1 of the 3 vestibular syndromes

Open Access: Yes

Bisdorff, A., Von Brevern, M., Lempert, T., & Newman-Toker, D. E. (2009). Classification of vestibular symptoms: towards an international classification of vestibular disorders. Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation, 19(1-2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-2009-0343

Link
https://content.iospress.com/download/journal-of-vestibular-research/ves00343?id=journal-of-vestibular-research%2Fves00343

Description
This article describes the consensus-based definitions of vestibular symptoms

Keywords
vestibular symptoms, vertigo, dizziness, vestibulo-visual symptoms, postural symptoms, internal vertigo, spontaneous, triggered, positional, head motion, visually induced, sound induced, valsalva induced, orthostatic, other triggered, external vertigo, oscillopsia, visual lag, visual tilt, movement induced blur, unsteadiness, directional pulsion, balance related near fall, balance related fall, spinning, non-spinning

Reviewer
Raymond van de Berg

Topics

• Being able to extract vestibular symptoms
• Being able to identify triggers, timing and type of vestibular symptoms

Open Access: Yes

van de Berg, R., & Kingma, H. (2021). History Taking in Non-Acute Vestibular Symptoms: A 4-Step Approach. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(24), 5726. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245726

Link
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8703413/pdf/jcm-10-05726.pdf

Description
This article describes how to perform structured history taking in patients with non-acute vestibular symptoms

Keywords
history taking, vestibular symptoms, triggers, timing, titrate, discohat, so stoned, vestibular syndromes, 4-step approach, acute vestibular syndrome, episodic vestibular syndrome, chronic vestibular syndrome, overlap, accompanying symptoms, differential diagnosis, differential diagnoses

Reviewer
Raymond van de Berg

Topics

• Being able to extract vestibular symptoms
• Being able to identify triggers, timing and type of vestibular symptoms
• Allocate vestibular symptoms into 1 of the 3 vestibular syndromes
• Being aware that different vestibular syndromes may co-exist or overlap
• Identify accompanying symptoms (e.g. otological, migraine, neurological, emotional)
• Being able to establish a list of the most likely differential diagnoses