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  • Papilledema
    • Unilateral papilledema
    • Pseudo tumor cerebri (Various causes)
    • Brain tumor choke
    • Papilledema complications
  • Pseudo-Papilledema
    • Congenital blurred disc
    • Buried drusen
    • Exposed drusen
    • Drusen complications
  • Disc swelling from local and systemic causes
    • Ocolar causes
      • Ocolar hypotension
      • Big Blind Spot syndrome
      • Chorioretinal disease
      • Vitreous effects
      • Pre-ischemic papillopathies
    • Ischemic papillopathies
      • Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION)
      • Diabetic papillopathy
      • Giant cell
      • Radiation papillopathy
    • Inflammatory papillopathies
      • Papillitis/Retrobolbar neuritis
      • Papillitis with macolar star (Cat scratch disease)
      • Nodolar papillopathies (sarcoid)
      • Leutic papillopathies
    • Vascolar papillopathy
      • Disc edema with systemic Lupus
      • Disc edema with systemic Hypertension
    • Disc swelling with central retinal vein occlusion
    • Neoplastic papillopathy
      • Metastatic papillopathy
      • Disc swelling from optic nerve sheaths
        • Meningioma of the optic nerve sheaths
        • Gliomas of the optic nerve
        • Pigment epithelial hamartoma of optic disc
    • Traumatic papillopathy
      • Evolsions of the optic disc
      • Purtchers traumatic retinopathy
      • Vitreopapillary evolsion (traumatic AION)
  • Congenital Anomalies of the Optic Disc
    • Hypoplasias
      • Panhypoplasia
      • Dysplasia with hypoplasia
      • Segmental hypoplasias
        • Retinal/optic disc hypoplasias
          • Congenital toxo
          • Tilted
          • Nasal hypoplasia
        • Superior segmental hypoplasia
        • Inferior segmental hypoplasia
        • Chiasmal hemioptic hypoplasia
        • Occipital hemioptic hypoplasia
    • Vascolar Disc Anomalies
      • Arterial Anomalies
        • All cilioretinal discs
        • Prepapillary arterial loops
        • Prepapillary arterial convolutions
        • Retinal arteriovenous malformations
      • Venous Anomalies
        • Exit anomalies
          • Edge veins (Veins of Kraupa)
          • Choriovaginal veins
        • Prepapillary venous convolutions
          • Congenital
          • Acquired
        • Congenital venous tortuosity
    • Cavitary Anomalies
      • Pits of the optic disc
      • "Morning Glory" disc
      • "Empty discs" (Coloboma-like)
    • Anomalous Pale Disc
      • Macro discs
  • Optic Atrophy
    • Special Features
      • Atrophy with optocilliary veins
      • atrophy with focally narrowed retinal arterioles
        • Post ischemic (AION) cupless atrophy
        • Post radiation papillopathy
      • Atrophy with diffuse narrowed retinal arterioles
        • Old central retinal artery occlusion with and without additional retinovascolar signs
        • Retinal pigmentary degeneration (sine pigmentosa)
        • Quinine toxicity
      • Atrophy with arteriolar sheathing, gliosis and pseudodrusen
      • Atrophy with peripapillary microangiopathy
      • Atrophy with cupping
        • Low tension glaucoma, and glaucoma with wedge and sector defects in the RNFL
        • Temporal cupping with dominant hereditary optic atrophy
        • Post giant cell arteritis ischemic papillopathy (See section on Ischemic Papillopathies - Disc Swelling)
        • Atrophy with congenital anomalies
    • Retrobulbar causes
      • Severe atrophy
        • Diffuse atrophy
        • Segmental atrophy
          • Temporal atrophy
          • Altitudinal atrophy
          • Hemianopic (band) atrophy; optic tract atrophy
      • Incipient atrophy
        • Normal peripapillary nerve fiber layer
        • M.S. slits and thinning in the peripapillary nerve fiber layer
    • Incipient Atrophy in Ocular Hypotension
  • Retinocerebral Diseases
    • The Phakomatoses
      • Arteriovenous malformations
      • Sturge-Weber
      • Von Hippel Lindau
      • Tuberous sclerosis
      • Neurofibromatosis - 1
      • Neurofibromatosis - 2
    • Metabolic, Degenerative and Inflammatory Disorders
      • Cherry red spots
      • Pigmentary retinopathy
        • Heredity degenerations
        • Heredity macular degenerations
        • Spastic paraplegia
        • Peripheral neuropathy
        • External ophthalmoplegia
        • Paraneoplastic retinopathy
      • Retinal SSPE
      • Multifocal placoid epitheliopathy
    • Occlusive Vascular Disease
      • Atheromatous embolization
      • Slow flow retinopathy
      • Calcific emboli
      • Microangiopathy
      • Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
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Pseudo-Papilledema - Congenital blurred disc

image PP1a. Bilateral crowded discs--Family
image PP1b. Bilateral crowded discs--Family
image PP2. Crowded disc--Family
image PP3a. Crowded disc--family
image PP3b. Crowded disc--family
image PP4a. Crowded disc--family
image PP4b. Crowded disc--family
image PP5a. Crowded disc
image PP5b. Crowded disc
image PP6a. Crowded disc with glial remnant
image PP6b. Crowded disc with glial remnant
image PP7a. Crowded disc
image PP7b. Crowded disc
image PP8a. Crowded disc with significant nasal disc blurring
image PP8b. Crowded disc with significant nasal disc blurring
image PP9. Congenitally crowded disc - "little red disc"
image PP10a. Unilateral pseudopapilledema
image PP10b. Unilateral Pseudopapilledema

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